ABSTRACT
Esta tese investiga a produção e circulação de evidências científicas sobre a transmissão do SARS-CoV-2, com ênfase no debate científico em torno da transmissão viral por aerossóis e a implicação de diferentes entendimentos nas práticas de prevenção adotadas ao redor do mundo. De cunho etnográfico, a pesquisa foi conduzida a partir da hashtag #covidisairborne, de importante repercussão entre cientistas e ativistas na rede social Twitter, e analisou diversos materiais digitais como artigos científicos, entrevistas, newsletters e tuítes publicados sobre o tema na rede conforme circulavam no campo, além de acompanhar o trabalho de um laboratório de pesquisa em aerossóis. A chegada da covid teria intensificado a disputa em torno das formas de transmissão viral, transformando-a em questão pública com repercussão nas práticas de proteção disseminadas durante a pandemia. Diante das evidências científicas relacionadas à transmissão, os fatos científicos se apresentam de forma contextual e implicada em distintos discursos e intenções para a condução da crise sanitária. A pandemia de covid teria acelerado o reconhecimento da qualidade do ar interno como um problema de saúde pública que chama a atenção para o ar que respiramos, e as estratégias para a mitigação dos riscos associados ao "novo normal" precisam ser informadas por princípios de justiça social e direito à saúde. (AU)
This work investigates the production and circulation of scientific evidence on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with an emphasis on the scientific debate surrounding aerosol viral transmission and the implications of different understandings in prevention practices adopted around the world. Ethnographically driven, the research was conducted from the hashtag #covidisairborne, which had significant repercussion among scientists and activists on the social media platform Twitter, and analyzed various digital materials such as scientific articles, interviews, newsletters, and tweets published on the network as they circulated in the field, as well as following the work of an aerosol research laboratory. The advent of covid is said to have intensified the dispute over the modes of viral transmission, turning it into a public issue with repercussions on the disease prevention practices disseminated during the pandemic. In the face of scientific evidence related to transmission, scientific facts present themselves in a contextual manner and are implicated in different discourses and intentions for managing the health crisis. The covid pandemic is said to have accelerated the recognition of indoor air quality as a public health issue that draws attention to the air we breathe, and strategies for mitigating risks associated with the "new normal" need to be informed by principles of social justice and the right to health. (AU)
Subject(s)
Air Pollution, Indoor , Evidence-Based Medicine , COVID-19/prevention & control , Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets , Social Justice , Health Law , Personal Protective Equipment , Online Social NetworkingABSTRACT
Background Subways are typical congregate settings and may facilitate aerosol transmission of viruses. However, quantified transmission probability estimates are lacking. Purpose To model spread and diffusion of respiratory aerosols in subways by simulation and calculation of infection probabilities. Methods The internal environment of carriages of Shanghai Metro Line 10 was used to establish a study scene. The movement of tiny particles was simulated using the turbulent model. Trend analysis of infection probabilities and viral quantum doses was conducted in a closed subway carriage scene by a quantum emission-infection probability model. Results Under a typical twelve-vent air conditioning configuration, respiratory droplet aerosols within a subway carriage dispersed rapidly throughout various regions due to airflow, with limited short-term diffusion to other carriages. Concurrently, owing to the uncertainty of airflow patterns, the airflow might circulate and converge within carriages, causing delayed outward dispersion or hindered dispersion of droplet aerosols upon entry into these zones. Passengers boarding the carriage could exacerbate the formation of these zones. When the air conditioning system functioned adequately (air exchange rate=23.21 h−1), the probability of a virus carrier transmitting the virus to other passengers within the same carriage via aerosol transmission was approximately 3.8%. However, in the event of air conditioning system failure (air exchange rate=0.5 h−1), this probability escalated dramatically to 30%. Furthermore, a super-spreader (with virus spreading exceeding 90% of the average) elevated the infection probability to 14.9%. Additionally, due to the complexity of turbulence within the carriage, if local diffusion occurred in 1/2 zones of a carriage, the anticipated infection probability would increase to 8.9%, or during the morning or evening rush hours leading to elevated aerosol concentrations, the infection probability would rise to 4.7%. The subway transmission probability for common coronaviruses diminished to as low as 0.9%. Conclusion Combined computational fluid dynamics and infection probability analysis reveals that in the prevalent twelve-vent air conditioning configurations, despite being a major transportation hub with substantial spatial-temporal overlap, the internal space of subway carriages exhibits a certain level of resistance to virus aerosol transmission owing to built-in ventilation capabilities. However, turbulence and passenger positioning may lead to localized hovering of droplet aerosols, thereby increase the risk of virus transmission. Furthermore, super-spreaders, poor operational status of built-in air conditioning system, and high passenger volume at morning or evening peak hours exert profound effects on virus transmission and infection probability.
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Background and objectives: during orotracheal intubation (OTI), it occurs the exposure to COVID-19 aerosols and consequent contamination of the professionals involved, observing the need to apply preventive measures. The objective is to know, in the scientific literature, which are the main preventive measures for health professionals to aerosols generated during OTI of patients suspected or confirmed for COVID-19. Contents: this is an integrative review, with search in the LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane Wiley databases. Primary articles, with full text in Portuguese, Spanish and English, which contemplated the research objective, were selected. Of the 335 articles found, 22 were selected according to the inclusion criteria. In 18 (82%) of articles, they highlighted the use of barrier methods when performing the intubation procedure, such as acrylic box and plastic tarpaulin. In other studies (3; 14%), it was observed the need to include qualified intubation teams in hospital institutions to reduce the contamination of professionals, in addition to the application of checklists that guide the procedure. A single article brought the use of an orthopedic protective cover adapted to protect the intubator. Conclusion: the measures are defended to reduce exposure to aerosols and allow the safety of health professionals. The use of an intubation box must be used with caution, weighing the risks and benefits against the possibility of aerosolization during its use in orotracheal intubation.(AU)
Justificativa e objetivos: durante a intubação orotraqueal (IOT), ocorre a exposição a aerossóis de COVID-19 e consequente contaminação dos profissionais envolvidos, observando a necessidade de aplicação de medidas preventivas. O objetivo é conhecer, na literatura científica, quais são as principais medidas preventivas dos profissionais de saúde aos aerossóis gerados durante a IOT de pacientes suspeitos ou confirmados para COVID-19. Conteúdo: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com busca nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, MEDLINE, PubMed e Cochrane Wiley. Foram selecionados artigos primários, com texto completo em português, espanhol e inglês, que contemplassem o objetivo da pesquisa. Dos 335 artigos encontrados, 22 foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de inclusão. Em 18 (82%) dos artigos, destacaram o uso de métodos de barreira na realização do procedimento de intubação, como caixa de acrílico e lona plástica. Em outros estudos (3; 14%), observou-se a necessidade de incluir equipes de intubação qualificadas nas instituições hospitalares para reduzir a contaminação dos profissionais, além da aplicação de checklists que orientam o procedimento. Um único artigo trouxe o uso de uma capa protetora ortopédica adaptada para proteger o intubador. Conclusão: defendem-se as medidas para reduzir a exposição aos aerossóis e permitir a segurança dos profissionais de saúde. O uso da caixa de intubação deve ser feito com cautela, ponderando os riscos e benefícios em relação à possibilidade de aerossolização durante seu uso na intubação orotraqueal.(AU)
Justificación y objetivos: durante la intubación orotraqueal (OTI), ocurre la exposición a los aerosoles de COVID-19 y la consecuente contaminación de los profesionales involucrados, observándose la necesidad de aplicar medidas preventivas. El objetivo es conocer, en la literatura científica, cuáles son las principales medidas preventivas de los profesionales de la salud ante los aerosoles generados durante las IOT de pacientes sospechosos o confirmados de COVID-19. Contenido: se trata de una revisión integradora, con búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, MEDLINE, PubMed y Cochrane Wiley. Fueron seleccionados artículos primarios, con texto completo en portugués, español e inglés, que contemplaran el objetivo de la investigación. De los 335 artículos encontrados, 22 fueron seleccionados según los criterios de inclusión. En 18 (82%) de los artículos, destacaron el uso de métodos de barrera al realizar el procedimiento de intubación, como caja de acrílico y lona plástica. En otros estudios (3; 14%), se observó la necesidad de incluir equipos de intubación calificados en las instituciones hospitalarias para reducir la contaminación de los profesionales, además de la aplicación de listas de verificación que orientan el procedimiento. Un solo artículo trajo el uso de una cubierta protectora ortopédica adaptada para proteger al intubador. Conclusión: se defienden las medidas para reducir la exposición a los aerosoles y permitir la seguridad de los profesionales de la salud. El uso de una caja de intubación debe hacerse con precaución, sopesando los riesgos y beneficios frente a la posibilidad de aerosolización durante su uso en la intubación orotraqueal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , COVID-19 , Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets , IntubationABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To map the technical and managerial strategies for the management and reduction of airborne particles production in surgical procedures settings during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Scoping review, according to the Joana Briggs Institute methodology, based on documents indexed in MEDLINE, VHL, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature, published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. All studies from indexed scientific journals and recommendations published by international agencies or academic associations from 2019 to January 2022 were considered. Findings were summarized and analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis. Results: Twenty-two studies were selected, 19 of which were published in English, two in Spanish, one in Portuguese, with a predominance of literature reviews. Findings were categorized into recommendations for the environment, the team, and the surgical technique. Conclusion: The review mapped the technical and managerial strategies for the management and reduction of the airborne particles production in surgical procedures settings. They involve from the use of personal protective equipment, training, anesthetic modality, airway manipulation, to the execution of the surgical technique.
RESUMEN Objetivo: mapeo de las estrategias técnicas y de gestión para el manejo y la reducción de la producción de partículas aéreas en ambientes de procedimientos quirúrgicos durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Método: revisión de alcance, de acuerdo con metodología JBI, con base en documentos indexados en las bases MEDLINE, BVS, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science y literatura gris, publicados en portugués, inglés o español. Se consideraron todos los estudios provenientes de periódicos científicos indexados y recomendaciones publicadas por órganos internacionales o asociaciones académicas, de 2019 a enero de 2022. Los hallazgos fueron sintetizados y analizados por estadística descriptiva y síntesis narrativa. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 22 estudios, siendo que 19 fueron publicados en inglés, dos en español, uno en portugués, con predominancia de revisiones de literatura. Los hallazgos fueron categorizados en recomendaciones para: el ambiente; el equipo y la técnica quirúrgica. Conclusión: la revisión mapeó las estrategias técnicas y de gestión para el manejo y la reducción de la producción de partículas aéreas en los ambientes de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Comprenden desde el uso de equipo de protección individual, entrenamientos, modalidad anestésica, manipulación de vías aéreas, incluso la ejecución de la técnica cirúrgica.
RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear as estratégias técnicas e gerenciais para o manejo e a redução da produção de partículas aéreas em ambientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Método: Revisão de escopo, de acordo com metodologia do Joana Briggs Institute, a partir de documentos indexados nas bases MEDLINE, BVS, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e literatura cinza, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol. Foram considerados todos os estudos provenientes de periódicos científicos indexados e recomendações publicadas por órgãos internacionais ou associações acadêmicas, de 2019 a janeiro de 2022. Os achados foram sumarizados e analisados por estatística descritiva e síntese narrativa. Resultados: Foram selecionados 22 estudos, sendo 19 publicados em inglês, dois em espanhol, um em português, com predominância de revisões da literatura. Os achados foram categorizados em recomendações para o ambiente, a equipe e a técnica cirúrgica. Conclusão: a revisão mapeou as estratégias técnicas e gerenciais para o manejo e a redução da produção de partículas aéreas nos ambientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Envolvem desde o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, treinamentos, modalidade anestésica, manipulação de vias aéreas, até a execução da técnica cirúrgica.
Subject(s)
Infection Control , Coronavirus Infections , Aerosols , Surgicenters , Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeABSTRACT
RESUMEN En diciembre de 2019 se identificó por primera vez en Wuhan China el SARS-CoV-2, un nuevo tipo de coronavirus de la familia Coronaviridae del género β-CoV. El 11 de marzo del 2020 la OMS lo declara pandemia y hasta el 19 de diciembre de 2021 han sido afectados 192 países con 235 547 850 casos confirmados y 4 811 951 personas fallecidas. El SARS-CoV-2 afecta a los humanos, sin distinción de género, raza o edad, pero las personas con comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial, enfermedades cardiovasculares o diabetes Mellitus tienen peor pronóstico. Entre las rutas de transmisión de persona a persona se describen el contacto directo con mucosas y por inhalación de aerosoles o saliva. Por lo cual solo con guantes, mascarilla quirúrgica y visor como protección, los profesionales con más alto riesgo de contagio son los odontólogos, al estar en contacto directo con el paciente, con instrumental, materiales contaminados de fluidos del paciente y con los aerosoles que se generan en algunos de los procedimientos que realizan. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, JOMOS, NIH y CDC, analizando los datos encontrados para proponer los cambios más adaptables a nuestro entorno. El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión de información reciente y relevante acerca de la atención odontológica en tiempos de SARS-CoV-2, es proponer cambios estructurales en la atención, para garantizar la bioseguridad de pacientes, personal odontológico y talento humano presente en la consulta odontológica. Teniendo en cuenta la situación ocasionada por la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, es recomendable adaptar e implementar medidas en la atención, pertinentes al comportamiento de este virus.
ABSTRACT In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a new type of coronavirus of the Coronaviridae family of the β-CoV genes, was identified for the first time in Wuhan, China. On March 11th 2020, WHO declared it a pandemic, and by December 19th 2021, 192 countries have been affected, with 235 547 850 confirmed cases and 4.811.951 deaths. SARS-CoV-2 affects humans, regardless of gender, race or age, but people with comorbidities, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes Mellitus have a worse prognosis. Among the routes of transmission from person to person we find direct contact with mucous membranes, and by inhalation of aerosols or saliva. Therefore, by just using surgical masks, gloves, and protective screens, some of the professionals with the highest risk of contagion are dentists, since in addition to being in direct contact with the patient, most of the time, they are also in direct contact with the materials contaminated with the patient's fluids and aerosols, that are generated in some of the procedures. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, JOMOS, NIH and CDC, to analyze the data found, in order to propose the most adaptable changes to our environment. The objective of this work is to review the most recent and relevant information about the care in dental clinics in times of SARS-CoV-2, and to propose some structural changes in dental care to guarantee the biosecurity of patients, dental staff, and human talent present at the dental clinic. Taking into consideration the health situation in the world caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it is advisable to adapt and implement the correct biosafety measures in the dental care according to this virus.
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RESUMEN Introducción: Los aerosoles en Estomatología constituyen un factor muy importante a tener en cuenta, pues estos facilitan con la dispersión de gotas minúsculas la trasmisión bacteriana a los trabajadores sanitarios y al medio ambiente del consultorio. Ante la presencia de la pandemia de la COVID-19, es un peligro que representa para la vida humana. Objetivo: Realizar una recopilación de información que argumente el riesgo de la transmisión del virus SARS-CoV-2 mediante el uso de aerosoles en la atención estomatológica y las medidas precisas adicionales a tener en cuenta para la prevención del contagio del personal de salud de esta área. Método: Se realizó un estudio en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada", de Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido de enero a septiembre de 2020, consistente en una revisión bibliográfica. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos bibliográficos Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, SciELO, y el buscador Google Académico, sobre la importancia de los aerosoles generados en la práctica estomatológica con relación a la actual pandemia. Resultados: La información encontrada, expresó las normas, medidas, criterios clínicos, precauciones y recomendaciones relacionados con los aerosoles en el consultorio estomatológico. Conclusiones: Además de las precauciones estándares, es imprescindible evitar el uso de instrumentos y dispositivos que generen aerosoles, ya que incrementan el riesgo de contraer el virus del SARS-CoV-2, no retirar los medios de protección en el espacio del consultorio, la necesidad de que los trabajadores dominen el conocimiento de todas las medidas, entre otras.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of aerosols in dental clinics represents a very important risk factor to be in focus as they could resulting in bacterial transmission to healthcare workers and entity environment through the dispersion of tiny droplets. Its use, in the presence of COVID-19 pandemic, represents a danger to human life. Objective: To gather essential information that argue the risk of SARS-CoV-2 related infection when using aerosols in dental care clinics, as well as the additional measures taken into account for preventing infection of health personnel. Method: It was conducted a bibliographic review at the Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada" in Santiago de Cuba from January to September, 2020. Searches concerning the importance of the use of aerosols in dental clinics and how to use it in this current pandemic were carried out in the data bases Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, SciELO, and Google scholar. Results: The information found revealed norms, measures, clinical criteria, precautions and recommendations related to the use of aerosols in the dental clinic. Conclusions: In addition to standard precautions, it is essential to avoid the use of tools and devices that generate aerosols, since they increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also it is important not to remove the protection means use in the dental office, the need for workers to knowledge all protocol, among others important aspects.
RESUMO Introdução: Os aerossóis em Estomatologia são um fator muito importante a se levar em consideração, pois facilitam a transmissão bacteriana aos profissionais de saúde e ao ambiente de escritório com a dispersão de minúsculas gotas. Objetivo: Realizar uma compilação de informações que discutam o risco de transmissão do vírus SARS-CoV-2 através do uso de aerossóis em atendimento odontológico e as medidas adicionais precisas a serem levadas em conta para a prevenção do contágio à saúde pessoal desta área. Método: Realizou-se um estudo na Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada", em Santiago de Cuba, no período de janeiro a setembro de 2020, consistindo numa revisão bibliográfica. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados bibliográficas Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, SciELO e na ferramenta de busca Google Scholar, sobre a importância dos aerossóis gerados na prática odontológica em relação à atual pandemia. Resultados: As informações encontradas expressam as normas, medidas, critérios clínicos, cuidados e recomendações relacionadas aos aerossóis no consultório de Estomatologia. Conclusões: Além das precauções padrão, é imprescindível evitar o uso de instrumentos e dispositivos que gerem aerossóis, pois aumentam o risco de contrair o vírus SARS-CoV-2, não retiram os meios de proteção no ambiente de escritório, a necessidade de os trabalhadores dominarem o conhecimento de todas as medidas, entre outras.
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RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria de respiradores, mascarillas quirúrgicas y mascarillas comunitarias que usa la población peruana, usando partículas de un tamaño similar a las que contienen al virus activo del SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se ha determinado una relación lineal directa entre el logaritmo de la concentración de partículas suspendidas en aire y el tiempo transcurrido; por lo cual es posible comparar la cantidad de partículas internas y externas a la mascarilla o respirador en un mismo periodo y conocer el porcentaje de protección respiratoria de cada muestra evaluada. Resultados: Se ha logrado implementar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria ante aerosoles menores a 5,0 µm. Asimismo, el empleo de accesorios como ligas o ajustadores detrás de cabeza y nuca, y el uso de clips nasales robustos, incrementan significativamente el nivel de protección respiratoria ante partículas con alta probabilidad de contener al SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Se observa una concordancia entre los valores de protección respiratoria obtenidos y los esperados, considerando el nivel de filtración del material empleado de cada mascarilla quirúrgica o respirador, y su nivel de ajuste. Se observó un incremento significativo en los niveles de protección respiratoria.
ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a methodology for evaluating the level of respiratory protection provided by respirators, surgical masks and community face masks used by the Peruvian population; protection was evaluated against particles of a size similar to those containing active SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods: A direct linear relationship has been determined between the logarithm of the concentration of airborne particles and the elapsed time; thus, it is possible to compare the quantity of particles inside and outside of the mask or respirator in the same time period, as well as to obtain the percentage of respiratory protection for each evaluated sample. Results: A methodology was established to evaluate the level of respiratory protection against aerosols smaller than 5.0 μm. Also, the use of accessories such as rubber bands or adjusters behind the head and neck, and the use of robust nasal clips, significantly increased the level of respiratory protection against particles with a high probability of containing SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: We found concordance between the obtained respiratory protection values and those expected, considering the filtration level of the material used for each surgical mask or respirator, as well as the tightness. A significant increase in the levels of respiratory protection was observed.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Protective Devices , Disease Transmission, Infectious , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Masks , Ventilators, Mechanical , Aerosols , Threshold Limit Values , Pandemics , FiltrationABSTRACT
Background: Restrictions on routine dental procedures involving aerosols during COVID-19 have resulted in a significant increase in the suffering of pediatric patients. Aim: The study reported the alternative measures followed in our department using SDF during the COVID era when routine elective dental procedures were prohibited. Materials and Methods: The retrospective data of patients aged 2–13 years with carious molar teeth who were treated with silver diamine fluoride without (Group 1) or with (Group 2) caries excavation were collected. Results: One thousand and seventy-two patients (646 males and 426 females) with 2459 carious molar were treated. On follow-up assessment at 3 months, 28 teeth in Group 1 and 21 teeth in Group 2 showed progression of carious lesion using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II criteria). Out of these failure cases, 32 (1.8%) teeth were primary and 17 (2.5%) were permanent. Complete relief in sensitivity/pain on stimulation was reported in 2381 teeth (96.83%), whereas in 78 (3.17%) teeth, mild sensitivity/pain on stimulation was reported. The average time consumed during treatment per tooth in Group 1 was 5.04 min and in Group 2 was 5.78 min. Conclusion: SDF application can be carried out as a nonaerosol-generating procedure and is a simple technique for children and clinicians.
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RESUMEN: Durante la atención odontológica se generan aerosoles infecciosos que aumentan el riesgo de contagio con SARS-CoV-2, de ahí que es importante mejorar las medidas de protección personal. El objetivo es dar a conocer el potencial de riesgo que tiene la generación de aerosoles infecciosos y los cuidados que se deben tener en el consultorio odontológico. se realizó una búsqueda informatizada utilizando información científica disponible a través de bases de datos como PubMed y Cochrane library, con los siguientes términos médicos (MeSH): "dental aerosol transmission", " SARS-CoV-2" y " COVID-19". el control de aerosoles es fundamental para evitar la transmisión aérea y disminuir la concentración de gotitas infecciosas en un medio relativamente cerrado y sin buena ventilación. El uso apropiado del equipo de protección personal desempeña un papel importante para reducir la contaminación, a estos equipos de protección se le ha sumado como complemento dispositivos de barrera para contener los aerosoles, aunque su uso masivo aún no ha sido validado con la evidencia científica. Conclusiones: esta revisión es una contribución global para adaptarse a la demanda de prevención ante la pandemia COVID-19, resaltando los cuidados a considerar para prevenir la infección por la presencia de aerosoles infecciosos dentro del trabajo odontológico.
ABSTRACT: During dental care, infectious aerosols are generated that increase the risk of contagion with SARS- CoV-2, hence it is important to improve personal protection measures. Objective: to publicize the potential risk of the generation of infectious aerosols and the care that must be taken in the dental office. Method: a computerized search was carried out using scientific information available through databases such as PubMed and Cochrane library, with the following medical terms (MeSH): "dental aerosol transmission", "SARS-CoV-2" and "COVID-19 ". Results: aerosol control is essential to prevent airborne transmission and reduce the concentration of infectious droplets in a relatively closed environment without good ventilation. The proper use of personal protective equipment plays an important role in reducing contamination. Barrier devices have been added as a complement to these protective equipment to contain aerosols, although their massive use has not yet been validated with scientific evidence. Conclusions: this review is a global contribution to adapt to the demand for prevention against the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the care to be considered to prevent infection due to the presence of infectious aerosols in dental work.
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Abstract Introduction The China Health Authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) of several cases of pneumonia, and the WHO has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic. Mastoidectomy is a high-risk aerosol generating procedure with the potential to expose the surgeon to infectious particles. Objective Aim to develop a low-cost prototype for a barrier device that can be used during mastoidectomy. Methods Describe the steps involved during otological emergency, requiring immediate surgical procedure, in untested patients. The Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Team of Walter Cantídio Hospital developed the barrier for particle dispersion presented here. Results During surgery, the prototype did not compromise visualization of the surgical field and instrumentation. Microscope repositioning was not compromised or limited by tent Instrumentation and instrument pouch under the Microscope-Tent (MT) performed surgery. After surgery, the plastic sheet was removed simply, without requiring strength. Bone dust and irrigation droplets were collected on the tent. Conclusion Our team developed and practiced, in an otologic emergency, a low-cost and reproducible barrier device that can be used in mastoidectomy in COVID-19 patients. Further tests on efficacy may be necessary.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN: En la actual pandemia por COVID-19, el mundo clínico se ha visto obligado a reforzar el uso de protección en el quehacer asistencial, debido al alto grado de contagio y virulencia de este virus. En odontología, debido a la producción de aerosoles, se han suspendido las atenciones clínicas para prevenir contagios. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la cantidad de contaminación bacteriana, generada por el uso de aerosol con micromotor de alta velocidad, realizado por dentistas del Hospital de La Florida, Santiago de Chile. El estudio contó con 10 pacientes por box, con 2 muestras por paciente, en total 40 placas de cultivo, 20 Control, 20 Prueba y 3 Ambientales. El medio de cultivo se mantuvo por 10 minutos, ubicado en la frente del ope rador y pechera del paciente, se realizó simulación de operatoria con turbina, sin aislamiento absoluto, con y sin uso de una cúpula de acrílico, puesta en un paciente sano. Las muestras fueron analizadas macroscópicamente, incubadas a 37 ºC en una atmósfera de oxígeno por 24 horas y dióxido de Carbono a las 48 horas. 43 placas fueron positivas, observándose, en las muestras de la peche ra una diferencia no significativa (p=0,753) entre ambos grupos, con una diferencia promedio de 56,76 UFC. En las placas de la fre nte del operador, un promedio de 8.1 UFC en Box sin cúpula y 3,9 UFC en el box con cúpula, encontrándose diferencia estadísticament e significativa (p= 0,0391). Las placas ambientales 28,33 UFC en el Box con cúpula, 29 UFC en el Box control y Box sin cúpula 46, 66 UFC. Al comprobar que la cúpula de acrílico contiene eficazmente los aerosoles, corresponde utilizarlo como norma de biosegurid ad para proteger tanto al equipo dental, como a los pacientes en tiempos de pandemia contra el COVID-19.
ABSTRACT: In the current PANDEMIC for COVID- 19, the clinical world has been forced to reinforce the use of protection in healthcare, due to the high degree of contagion and virulence of this virus. In dentistry, due to the production of aerosols, clinical care has been suspended to prevent infection. The objective of this research is to determine the amount of bacterial contamination, generated by the use of high-speed micromotor aerosol, carried out by dentists at the Hospital de La Florida, Santiago, Chile. The study included 10 patients per box, with 2 samples per patient, in total 40 culture plates, 20 Control, 20 Test and 3 Environmental. The culture medium was kept for 10 minutes, located in the front of the operator and the patient's chest. Simulation of the operation with a turbine was performed, without absolute isolation, with and without the use of an acrylic dome, placed on a healthy patient. The samples were analyzed macroscopically, incubated at 37ºC in an atmosphere of oxygen for 24 hours and Carbon dioxide after 48 hours. 43 plates were positive, noting a non-significant difference (p = 0.753) between the two groups in the bib samples, with an average difference of 56.76 CFU. In the plates of the operator's forehead, an average of 8.1 CFU in the box without dome and 3.9 CFU in the box with dome, finding a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0391). The environmental plates 28.33 UFC in the Box with the dome, 29 UFC in the Control Box and the Box without dome 46.66 UFC. When verifying that the acrylic dome effectively contains aerosols, it should be used as a biosafety standard to protect both dental equipment and patients in times of pandemic against COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: se denomina SARS-CoV-2 al tipo de betacoronavirus causante de la COVID-19, la cual se ha expandido rápidamente en el mundo y ha generado una emergencia en salud pública. Diferentes causas pueden explicar este comportamiento, como el tipo de transmisión, que ha sido motivo de debate con diferentes posiciones respecto a la implicación del aerosol y las vías extrapulmonares. El objetivo de este artículo es consolidar información sobre los diferentes mecanismos y vías de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura por medio de una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos como Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, centro de registros Cochrane de ensayos controlados (CENTRAL) y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), con términos DeCS como "transmisión", "aerosol" y "betacoronavirus". Al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, así como lectura crítica con herramienta CASPe, se seleccionaron 31 artículos. Resultados: la propagación del virus se presenta por contacto con gotas, fómites y aerolización, lo que favorece la contaminación del aire y su permanencia incluso hasta ocho horas, siendo esto lo que propaga la enfermedad. La presentación de vías sanguínea y oral-fecal no es frecuente, pero en casos como la realización de procedimientos o el requerimiento transfusional toman relevancia y se deben tomar medidas. Conclusiones: se debe considerar a todos los pacientes como potenciales transmisores, así como la inducción mecánica de aerosoles y la autoinducida, sin requerir una manipulación vigorosa de la vía aérea para la aerolización y transmisión del virus. También se deben tener en cuenta las medidas para el manejo del medio y la posibilidad de transmisión por la vía extrapulmonar, como la vía sanguínea y orofecal.
Introduction: The type of betacoronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19 is called SARS-CoV-2, it has presented a rapid expansion worldwide, currently generating a public health emergency. Different causes can explain this behavior, such as the type of transmission, which has been debated, with different positions regarding the involvement of aerosol and extrapulmonary pathways. Objective: Consolidate information of the different mechanisms and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2. Methodology: A narrative review of the literature was carried out with a systematic search in databases such as Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS). With MeSH terms "Transmission", "Aerosol", "Betacoronavirus" applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as critical reading with the CASPe tool, 31 articles were selected. Results: The transmission of the virus occurs by contact with drops, fomites and aerosolization, favoring air infection and its permanence even up to 8 hours, being a propagator of the disease. The transmission by blood and fecal contact, is not frequent, but in cases such as performing procedures or requiring a transfusion, are relevant and measures must be taken. Conclusions: All patients should be considered potential transmitting and both mechanical and self-induced aerosol induction should be considered, without requiring an important manipulation of the airway for virus aerosolization and transmission. The measures for the management of the environment must be considered, as well as the possibility of transmission by extrapulmonary route, such as blood and orofecal route.
Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Aerosols , BetacoronavirusABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar, por meio de um estudo microscópico, os materiais utilizados para confecção das máscaras de uso da população em geral para a proteção contra a COVID-19, em relação à superfície, o tamanho, a forma e a distribuição dos poros dos mesmos. Método: estudo analítico. Foram realizadas análises de amostras de tecidos e outros materiais utilizados para confecções de máscaras para proteção da comunidade em geral contra a COVID-19 em um Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e Microanálise. Resultados: a análise do tecido de algodão 100% e da sarja evidenciou esses dois tipos de tecidos como efetiva barreira microbiana. Em contrapartida, o tricoline e os demais tecidos e materiais analisados, não se apresentam como barreiras eficazes na proteção a COVID-19. Conclusão: entre os tecidos analisados, o algodão 100%, fornece uma trama mais densa, com fios mais grossos e pouca porosidade, sendo uma barreira eficaz na proteção contra infecções.
Objective: to analyze the materials used to make masks to protect against COVID-19 for use by the general population in relation to the surface, size, shape and distribution of pores by means of a microscopic study. Method: analytical study. Analyzes of fabric samples and other materials used to make masks to protect the community in general against COVID-19 were performed in an Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory. Results: the analysis of 100% cotton and twill samples showed these two types of fabrics are an effective microbial barrier. On the other hand, tricoline and the other fabrics and materials analyzed do not offer effective barriers to protect against COVID-19. Conclusion: among the analyzed fabrics, 100% cotton has a denser weft with thicker threads and little porosity, thereby being an effective barrier to protect against infections.
Subject(s)
Pandemics/prevention & control , Personal Protective Equipment , Evaluation of Results of Preventive ActionsABSTRACT
Abstract In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presenting with pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China. The ongoing spread of COVID-19 worldwide is creating enormous uncertainty. In particular, the dental profession is facing a major challenge. Due to the characteristics of dental settings, the risk of cross-infection is elevated between patients and dental staff. The present review aimed to briefly discuss the overview of the disease, including the basic science, epidemiology, symptoms, routes of transmission and several topics that the authors believe are binding and relevant to the dental practice. The guidelines adopted by governments and international organizations also address all dental associations to protect the health of the community and to contain the spread of COVID-19 infection until a vaccine or an effective/validated treatment becomes available.
Resumen En diciembre del 2019, surgió una nueva enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) que se presentó como una neumonía con etiología desconocida en Wuhan, China. La propagación continua de COVID-19 en todo el mundo está creando una enorme incertidumbre. En particular, la profesión dental se enfrenta a un gran desafío. Debido a las características de los consultorios dentales, el riesgo de infección cruzada es elevado entre los pacientes y el personal. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir brevemente la visión general de la enfermedad, incluyendo conceptos de ciencia básica, la epidemiología, vías de transmisión, síntomas y varios temas que los autores consideran vinculantes y relevantes para la práctica dental. Las directrices adoptadas por los gobiernos y las organizaciones internacionales también involucran a todas las asociaciones dentales para proteger la salud de la comunidad y contener la propagación de la infección por COVID-19 hasta que una vacuna o un tratamiento eficaz/validado esté disponible.
Subject(s)
Aerosols , Dental Offices , COVID-19/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Introdução: O SARS-CoV-2 apresenta-se como um tipo de coronavírus que teve seus primeiros relatos no fim do ano de 2019, sendo declarado como uma emergência de saúde pública internacional no início do ano 2020 pela Organização mundial de saúde. Trata-se de um vírus com alto potencial de transmissibilidade, dessa forma novas medidas e protocolos de biossegurança foram empregadas durante o atendimento odontológico, com a finalidade de minimizar os danos e riscos aos profissionais e pacientes. Objetivo: Relatar as principais medidas de proteção e recomendações que devem existir em ambientes que prestam atendimentos odontológicos durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Metodologia: Foi realizada revisão de artigos presentes nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo do ano de 2020, assim como nos manuais atuais de biossegurança em atendimentos odontológicos. Foram utilizados os descritores COVID-19 e Dentistry, e em adicional foram utilizados 14 documentos, sendo 8 artigos e 6 manuais oficiais sobre o tema. Conclusão: Medidas de proteção devem ser empregadas durante o atendimento odontológico, sendo importante que durante a pandemia do COVID-19 haja um reforço na biossegurança dos cirurgiões dentistas, para minimizar dessa forma o risco de contágio(AU)
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 presents itself as a type of coronavirus that had its first reports at the end of 2019, being declared as an international public health emergency at the beginning of 2020 by the WHO. It is a virus with a high potential for transmissibility, so new biosafety measures and protocols were used during dental care, in order to minimize the damage and risks to professionals and patients. Objective: To report the main protection measures and recommendations that should exist in environments that provide dental care during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: A review of articles in the Pubmed and Scielo databases for the year 2020 was carried out, as well as in the current biosafety manuals for dental care. The descriptors COVID-19 and Dentistry were used, and in addition 14 documents were used, 8 articles and 6 official manuals on the subject. Conclusion: Protective measures should be used during dental care, it is important that during the COVID-19 pandemic there is a reinforcement in the biosafety of dental surgeons, in order to minimize the risk of contagion(AU)
Subject(s)
Dental Care , Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus , Containment of BiohazardsABSTRACT
RESUMEN: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha hecho que la atención odontológica de rutina se suspenda. La causa principal es el pobre control del aerosol en la consulta dental. Los aerosoles liberados por el instrumental odontológico son esenciales para la remoción de los tejidos bucales enfermos. Sin embargo, al mezclarse con saliva o sangre contaminada, los aerosoles pueden diseminar microorganismos infectivos fuera de la boca del paciente. Existe evidencia de que el SARS-CoV-2 se encuentra en la saliva del 91,7 % de los sujetos enfermos. Este artículo presenta evidencias y reflexiones para el control del aerosol odontológico, las que podrían permitir aumentar la seguridad del ejercicio de la odontología durante la pandemia y pospandemia.
ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused routine dental check-ups to be cancelled. The main cause is poor aerosol control in the dental office. Aerosols released by dental instruments are essential for the removal of diseased oral tissues. However, when mixed with saliva or contaminated blood, aerosols can spread infectious microorganisms out of the patient's mouth. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in the self-collected saliva of 91.7 % of patients. This article presents evidence and reflections for the control of dental aerosol, which could allow increasing the safety of dental practice during the pandemic and post-pandemic.
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Dentistry/standards , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , AerosolsABSTRACT
Resumen: A finales de 2019 se identificó en Wuhan, una provincia de China, el virus causante de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), el cual ha afectado a más de 1.5 millones de personas en todo el mundo. La fácil transmisión por aerosoles y contacto directo representa un reto para el personal que manipula la vía aérea de estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 33 años con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19, a quien se realizó una traqueostomía percutánea por intubación prolongada. El objetivo de esta publicación es revisar las consideraciones anestésicas durante este procedimiento en este grupo de pacientes para lograr disminuir el riesgo de contagio en el personal de salud.
Abstract: At the end of 2019, the virus causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, China, wich has affected more than 1.5 million people worldwide. The easy transmission by aerosols and direct contact, represents a challenge for personnel who manipulate the airway of these patients. We present the case of a 33-year-old woman diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, under prolonged intubation scheduled for tracheostomy. The aim of this report is to review the anesthetic considerations during this procedure in this group of patients, in order to reduce the risk of contagion in health personnel.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: sistematizar a produção bibliográfica sobre as recomendações para o manejo e a mitigação do aerossol produzidos por instrumentos rotatórios de alta velocidade em tempos de epidemia pela COVID-19. Método: foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica no em bases bibliográficas eletrônicas brasileiras e internacionais (Lilacs, SciELO, MEDLINE e PubMed). Após aplicados critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos documentos, 21 estudos foram selecionados para a realização da revisão. Resultado: foi construída uma proposta com recomendações para reduzir a contaminação durante procedimentos geradores de aerossol provenientes de instrumentos rotatórios de alta velocidade. Conclusão: recomenda-se a utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual completo, incluindo respiradores N95, PFF2, PFF3 ou similar, o emprego de barreiras mecânicas, a aspiração através de bomba de alta eficiência, a constante renovação do ar ambiente através de sistemas de exaustão ou pressurização da sala de trabalho e a limpeza e desinfecção criteriosa do ambiente de trabalho após cada atendimento
Objective: To systematize the bibliographic production on the recommendations for management and mitigation of aerosol generated by high-speed rotary instruments in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Material and Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out on Brazilian and international electronic bibliographic databases (Lilacs, SciELO, MEDLINE and PubMed). After applying criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles, 21 studies were selected to carry out the review. Results: A proposal was designed with recommendations to reduce contamination during aerosol-generating procedures with high-speed rotary instruments. Conclusion: It is recommended to use complete personal protective equipment, including N95, FFP2, FFP3 or similar respirators, mechanical barriers, suction through high volume evacuator, constant renewal of the ambient air through exhaust systems or workroom pressurization, and careful cleaning and disinfection of the work environment after each patient